水素燃料リチウム電池およびエネルギー貯蔵リチウム電池 - リチウム - イオン電池装置
2022年10月18日
Which is more cost-effective, hydrogen fuel power generation facilities or lithium ion battery energy storage systems? I believe everyone has doubts about this question. According to a research conducted by MIT, hydrogen fuel power generation facilities will compete with lithium ion battery energy storage systems in seasonal energy storage applications, and their cost competitiveness will depend on the thermal efficiency of natural gas power plants they may replace.
So, what is the status quo of global fuel cell development?
At present, fuel cells can be generally divided into transportation, fixed and portable fuel cells according to different application scenarios. In recent years, the demand for fuel cells has shown explosive growth. In 2020, the global fuel cell shipments reached 1319 megawatts, with a compound growth rate of about 26% from 2016 to 2020. Among them, the demand in the field of transportation has increased significantly, with a compound annual growth rate of about 34%.
By the end of 2020, the global inventory of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles has exceeded 30000, and the industry market scale has exceeded 1.2 trillion yuan. South Korea became the first country with more than 10000 hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. China has 7352 vehicles, accounting for 24% of the global scale. At present, the overall application field of fuel cells has changed from fixed power supply in the application scenario of clean power station and auxiliary power supply to vehicle power supply in the application scenario of transportation. According to the prediction of the International Hydrogen Energy Commission, the global hydrogen energy consumption will account for 18% of the global total energy demand by 2050, which will create a market value of nearly 20 trillion yuan for hydrogen fuel cells and equipment.(Lithium - Ion Battery Equipment)
As for the lithium-ion battery energy storage system, there are more than 50 battery enterprises
At present, energy storage has become the next battlefield for lithium battery enterprises other than new energy vehicles. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 50 domestic lithium battery enterprises, and almost all power battery enterprises are active in the field of energy storage. The following is the energy storage layout of major enterprises (in no particular order):
Ningde Era
Ningde has laid out the energy storage industry in an earlier time, and has cooperated with many parties to build a complete energy storage industry system.
In this field, as early as 2018, Ningde Times cooperated with companies under Fujian Investment and Development Group and China Power Construction Group to establish Jinjiang Mintou Power Storage Technology Co., Ltd. Later, Ningde Times became a shareholder of Time Nebula, established two joint ventures with State Grid Integrated Energy, and established joint ventures with Easter and Keshida.
At the end of 2020, Ningde Times invested 221 million yuan in Yongfu, a listed company in the energy storage field, and became its third largest shareholder. This year, the two sides also jointly established the "Time Yongfu" to explore the "PV+energy storage" model.
On April 28 this year, Ningde Times also announced that it would establish a joint venture with ATL to invest 14 billion yuan in the development of household energy storage, electric two wheeled vehicles and other fields.
On June 3, Ningde Times "Development and Application of 100MWh New Lithium Battery Scale Energy Storage Technology" project passed the acceptance of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. The project has conquered the core technology of 12000 times of super long cycle life and high safety energy storage battery, reaching the project index of super long life and high safety.
According to the 2020 annual report of Ningde Times, in the energy storage market, the sales revenue of the energy storage system of Ningde Times in 2020 will be 1.943 billion yuan, with a year-on-year growth of 218.56%.
BYD
BYD has been specialized in the research, development, production, sales and service of battery energy storage, micro grid and other new energies for 13 years, covering the market demand of small to household energy storage products, medium to industrial and commercial energy storage systems and large to public level container systems. Its business scope covers more than 50 countries and more than 300 cities around the world. So far, the global total sales volume has exceeded 1.7GWh, providing nearly 100 industrial level energy storage solutions for global partners, It has created many global firsts.
Lithium Energy
Yiwei Lithium Energy has long been planning its energy storage layout. Since 2016, it has been planning its research and development in 2017 and mass production in 2018. It has successively launched a number of special energy storage cell products, which are applied to thermal power combined frequency modulation, grid side centralized energy storage, user side energy storage power stations and other fields. In different application scenarios, Yiwei Lithium Energy's products can achieve good cost performance and safety performance.
At present, Yiwei Lithium Energy has a layout in communication energy storage, electric power energy storage, wind and solar energy storage, distributed energy system and other fields. Data shows that in 2020, the installed capacity of lithium electrochemical energy storage will exceed 300 MWh, ranking fourth nationwide and leading in strength.
Previously, Yiwei Lithium Energy won the bid for China Mobile's centralized procurement project of lithium iron phosphate battery products for communication in 2020; Share in Votai Energy, an energy storage system company, and supply energy storage cells; The 3GWh energy storage capacity supplied to Huawei will be put into production and delivered this year.
This year, Yiwei Lithium Energy and Linyang Energy established a joint venture, of which Yiwei Power contributed 65 million yuan, accounting for 65% of the joint venture. On June 30, the joint venture Yiwei Linyang 10GWh special battery project for energy storage was started.
Paineng Technology
Paineng Technology is the first listed lithium battery energy storage enterprise in China. The company adheres to the soft package route of lithium iron phosphate. The energy storage business includes two major parts: the international business focusing on overseas household energy storage and the communication energy storage backup business backed by ZTE system. The proportion of overseas household energy storage business has increased year by year, and the proportion in 2020 has exceeded 80%.
By the end of 2020, the company has formed an annual production capacity of 1GWh battery cells and 1.15 GWh battery system. In 2019, the company started and expanded the 0.5GWh electric core production line, which is expected to reach the production capacity in 2021. In addition, it is planned to add 4GWh lithium ion battery cell capacity and 5GWh energy storage lithium battery system capacity.
Guoxuan High Tech
The three directions of Guoxuan High Tech's energy storage business are large energy storage power station system, small household energy storage system and standby power supply. The main products include container type energy storage system, 48V communication base station series power supply, 5KWH/10KWH household energy storage power supply, etc. The energy storage market is one of the key areas for the company to expand in the future. At present, it has reached cooperation with Huawei, China Tower, State Grid, China Power Investment and other enterprises.
Zhongtian Technology
Zhongtian Science and Technology has established a double chain of "photovoltaic industry" and "energy storage industry", in which the energy storage field is mainly based on the large energy storage market and the backup power supply market to develop comprehensively at home and abroad. In terms of energy storage system, taking large energy storage system technology as the core competitiveness, it has applied energy storage at the grid side, user side and power supply side, and has undertaken a number of major projects, totaling more than 500 MWh.
We have also successively won several power grid side, power generation side, user side energy storage systems and EPC projects, such as Daling Mountain in Longshan, Hunan, with an installed capacity of more than 103 MWh. In terms of backup power supply, Zhongtian Science and Technology provided a supporting backup power supply system for 5G base stations. In 2020, it won the bid in China Mobile's centralized procurement of phosphoric acid batteries; In addition, several provincial and municipal bidding projects of the tower have won the bid, and the cumulative winning amount for the whole year has exceeded 800 MWh.
Xinwangda
In 2020, Xinwangda's total installed capacity of energy storage will exceed 800 MWh, and its energy storage management business will achieve an operating income of 180 million yuan. Power energy storage, home storage and network energy businesses will all show an upward trend. In the field of electric energy storage, it has participated in the domestic offshore wind power 2MWh project, the Shanghai Comprehensive Energy Expo Best Practice Area Southeast Asia 2.45MWh energy storage project, the North American Commercial Crystal Storage Africa 1.2MWh project, etc., and also undertaken the national smart grid major project of "multi energy complementary integrated optimization of distributed energy system demonstration".
GP Energy
At present, GP Energy has carried out a comprehensive layout of small household storage, large energy storage (energy storage at power generation side, grid side, and user side), and standby power storage at communication base stations. In the first quarter of this year, the revenue of GP energy storage products nearly doubled. Its household energy storage customers include weco, Guruiwat, etc., and large container energy storage customers include China Southern Power Grid, Sungrow Power Supply, Trina Solar, etc.
The share of communication energy storage in China's iron tower ranked in the top three. At the same time, ZTE officially entered the supply chain of lithium batteries for wireless communication systems in August last year. In terms of photovoltaic energy storage, the installed capacity of GP in 2020 has exceeded 30MWh, and this year is expected to exceed 100MWh. In the next 1-2 years, GP will enter a stage of rapid development. The operation with the cooperative company of Trina Solar will be carried out as scheduled, and the first production line is expected to be put into mass production in the first quarter.
In July this year, Pengli Tongsheng, a subsidiary of Penghui Energy Holding, signed a framework cooperation agreement with Huadian Heavy Industry. The two sides will cooperate around low-voltage distribution equipment, energy storage system and battery equipment business within the domestic and foreign power industry.
Nandu Power Supply
Since 2011, Nandu Power has actively explored and expanded the global energy storage market. At present, it has the ability to provide full life cycle solutions for energy storage systems from research and development, design, manufacturing, integration to operation, maintenance, service and recovery. Its business covers more than 40 countries and regions around the world, with a cumulative installed capacity of nearly 2GWh. It has accumulated rich project application experience in all aspects of power systems, such as power generation, transmission, distribution, transformation and utilization.
Prospective energy
Vision Energy is the world's leading smart wind power and smart energy storage system technology company, which has created a number of firsts in China's wind power market. In 2020, Vision Energy will rank first in the bidding projects of state-owned wind power enterprises. The intelligent energy storage system of Vision Energy has full stack technology capabilities and solutions, and the energy storage cell comes from Vision AESC battery business. As of January 2021, the order of prospective energy storage in hand has exceeded 800MW.
AVIC Lithium
In the field of energy storage battery, although the market share of AVIC Lithium Battery is not high, AVIC Lithium Battery has undertaken the construction of megawatt level energy storage power stations, the highest altitude energy storage power stations, and the largest grid side single energy storage power stations. State Grid and China Southern Power Grid are solid customers of AVIC Lithium.
According to the introduction of AVIC Lithium, due to insufficient capacity, the energy storage business with relatively low profits has not been expanded in a large scale, and only completed technical reserves and team building by contracting some projects with high technical content. After the capacity scale is improved, efforts will be made to expand the energy storage business.
Kunyu New Energy
Kunyu New Energy is a manufacturer of lithium battery for communication energy storage. It is a high-tech enterprise specializing in the R&D, production and sales of lithium ion batteries. At the end of 2019, Kunyu New Energy Team undertook all energy storage businesses under Guangyu International Group Technology in the form of MBO.
On December 8 last year, Kunyu Power signed a contract with Changde Economic Development Zone and Changde Caixin Finance to build a 6GWh communication energy storage battery production base project. After the first phase of the project is completed, it can achieve an annual capacity of 1.5GWh.
The three plants of Guangyu Power in Harbin have an annual capacity of 8GWh, and the Shenzhen plant has 0.5GWh. In addition, the production base under construction of Guangyu Power has a planned annual capacity of 6GWh.
Toppon Shares
In 2006, Toppon established a lithium battery business unit, built a production base of more than 70000 square meters in Huizhou, and has a one-stop production capacity of lithium batteries including battery cells, BMS and packs. The company's overseas business mainly focuses on household energy storage, and its domestic business mainly involves in communication and electric energy storage. In the field of communication energy storage, China Mobile and China Tower are two leading enterprises.
In view of this, MIT scientists conducted technical and economic analysis to assess the potential competition between hydrogen fuel power generation facilities and lithium-ion battery energy storage systems in the role of replacing natural gas power plants, and found that lithium-ion battery energy storage systems may be the most effective solution in terms of cost, although in some cases hydrogen fuel power generation facilities are a more feasible alternative.
In a paper entitled "Technical and Economic Analysis of Seasonally Balanced California Power System: Hydrogen and Lithium Ion Batteries", they pointed out that hydrogen fueled gas turbines (HFGT) can currently operate at a cost of 1320 dollars/kW, will replace natural gas power plants, and can meet the demand of seasonally balanced power grids. In this paper, it is assumed that the maintenance cost of hydrogen gas turbine (HFGT) is the same as that of natural gas power plant, which is about $13/kW per year, while the transportation cost of hydrogen is estimated to be between $0.6/kg and $2/kg.
In addition, according to the calculation of scientists at MIT, the current production cost of green hydrogen is between $3/kg and $10/kg, depending on the production conditions, while the production cost of gray hydrogen or blue hydrogen is $1/kg and $1.50/kg respectively. They pointed out in the article that "assuming that the utilization rate of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer is 40%, the input power cost is 10 dollars/MWh, and the production cost of green hydrogen is 5 dollars/kg, the current cost of green hydrogen is obviously more expensive than gray hydrogen or blue hydrogen, but with the increase of market demand, it is estimated that the production cost of green hydrogen will drop by 70% by 2050."
So, what is the status quo of global fuel cell development?
At present, fuel cells can be generally divided into transportation, fixed and portable fuel cells according to different application scenarios. In recent years, the demand for fuel cells has shown explosive growth. In 2020, the global fuel cell shipments reached 1319 megawatts, with a compound growth rate of about 26% from 2016 to 2020. Among them, the demand in the field of transportation has increased significantly, with a compound annual growth rate of about 34%.
By the end of 2020, the global inventory of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles has exceeded 30000, and the industry market scale has exceeded 1.2 trillion yuan. South Korea became the first country with more than 10000 hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. China has 7352 vehicles, accounting for 24% of the global scale. At present, the overall application field of fuel cells has changed from fixed power supply in the application scenario of clean power station and auxiliary power supply to vehicle power supply in the application scenario of transportation. According to the prediction of the International Hydrogen Energy Commission, the global hydrogen energy consumption will account for 18% of the global total energy demand by 2050, which will create a market value of nearly 20 trillion yuan for hydrogen fuel cells and equipment.(Lithium - Ion Battery Equipment)
As for the lithium-ion battery energy storage system, there are more than 50 battery enterprises
At present, energy storage has become the next battlefield for lithium battery enterprises other than new energy vehicles. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 50 domestic lithium battery enterprises, and almost all power battery enterprises are active in the field of energy storage. The following is the energy storage layout of major enterprises (in no particular order):
Ningde Era
Ningde has laid out the energy storage industry in an earlier time, and has cooperated with many parties to build a complete energy storage industry system.
In this field, as early as 2018, Ningde Times cooperated with companies under Fujian Investment and Development Group and China Power Construction Group to establish Jinjiang Mintou Power Storage Technology Co., Ltd. Later, Ningde Times became a shareholder of Time Nebula, established two joint ventures with State Grid Integrated Energy, and established joint ventures with Easter and Keshida.
At the end of 2020, Ningde Times invested 221 million yuan in Yongfu, a listed company in the energy storage field, and became its third largest shareholder. This year, the two sides also jointly established the "Time Yongfu" to explore the "PV+energy storage" model.
On April 28 this year, Ningde Times also announced that it would establish a joint venture with ATL to invest 14 billion yuan in the development of household energy storage, electric two wheeled vehicles and other fields.
On June 3, Ningde Times "Development and Application of 100MWh New Lithium Battery Scale Energy Storage Technology" project passed the acceptance of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. The project has conquered the core technology of 12000 times of super long cycle life and high safety energy storage battery, reaching the project index of super long life and high safety.
According to the 2020 annual report of Ningde Times, in the energy storage market, the sales revenue of the energy storage system of Ningde Times in 2020 will be 1.943 billion yuan, with a year-on-year growth of 218.56%.
BYD
BYD has been specialized in the research, development, production, sales and service of battery energy storage, micro grid and other new energies for 13 years, covering the market demand of small to household energy storage products, medium to industrial and commercial energy storage systems and large to public level container systems. Its business scope covers more than 50 countries and more than 300 cities around the world. So far, the global total sales volume has exceeded 1.7GWh, providing nearly 100 industrial level energy storage solutions for global partners, It has created many global firsts.
Lithium Energy
Yiwei Lithium Energy has long been planning its energy storage layout. Since 2016, it has been planning its research and development in 2017 and mass production in 2018. It has successively launched a number of special energy storage cell products, which are applied to thermal power combined frequency modulation, grid side centralized energy storage, user side energy storage power stations and other fields. In different application scenarios, Yiwei Lithium Energy's products can achieve good cost performance and safety performance.
At present, Yiwei Lithium Energy has a layout in communication energy storage, electric power energy storage, wind and solar energy storage, distributed energy system and other fields. Data shows that in 2020, the installed capacity of lithium electrochemical energy storage will exceed 300 MWh, ranking fourth nationwide and leading in strength.
Previously, Yiwei Lithium Energy won the bid for China Mobile's centralized procurement project of lithium iron phosphate battery products for communication in 2020; Share in Votai Energy, an energy storage system company, and supply energy storage cells; The 3GWh energy storage capacity supplied to Huawei will be put into production and delivered this year.
This year, Yiwei Lithium Energy and Linyang Energy established a joint venture, of which Yiwei Power contributed 65 million yuan, accounting for 65% of the joint venture. On June 30, the joint venture Yiwei Linyang 10GWh special battery project for energy storage was started.
Paineng Technology
Paineng Technology is the first listed lithium battery energy storage enterprise in China. The company adheres to the soft package route of lithium iron phosphate. The energy storage business includes two major parts: the international business focusing on overseas household energy storage and the communication energy storage backup business backed by ZTE system. The proportion of overseas household energy storage business has increased year by year, and the proportion in 2020 has exceeded 80%.
By the end of 2020, the company has formed an annual production capacity of 1GWh battery cells and 1.15 GWh battery system. In 2019, the company started and expanded the 0.5GWh electric core production line, which is expected to reach the production capacity in 2021. In addition, it is planned to add 4GWh lithium ion battery cell capacity and 5GWh energy storage lithium battery system capacity.
Guoxuan High Tech
The three directions of Guoxuan High Tech's energy storage business are large energy storage power station system, small household energy storage system and standby power supply. The main products include container type energy storage system, 48V communication base station series power supply, 5KWH/10KWH household energy storage power supply, etc. The energy storage market is one of the key areas for the company to expand in the future. At present, it has reached cooperation with Huawei, China Tower, State Grid, China Power Investment and other enterprises.
Zhongtian Technology
Zhongtian Science and Technology has established a double chain of "photovoltaic industry" and "energy storage industry", in which the energy storage field is mainly based on the large energy storage market and the backup power supply market to develop comprehensively at home and abroad. In terms of energy storage system, taking large energy storage system technology as the core competitiveness, it has applied energy storage at the grid side, user side and power supply side, and has undertaken a number of major projects, totaling more than 500 MWh.
We have also successively won several power grid side, power generation side, user side energy storage systems and EPC projects, such as Daling Mountain in Longshan, Hunan, with an installed capacity of more than 103 MWh. In terms of backup power supply, Zhongtian Science and Technology provided a supporting backup power supply system for 5G base stations. In 2020, it won the bid in China Mobile's centralized procurement of phosphoric acid batteries; In addition, several provincial and municipal bidding projects of the tower have won the bid, and the cumulative winning amount for the whole year has exceeded 800 MWh.
Xinwangda
In 2020, Xinwangda's total installed capacity of energy storage will exceed 800 MWh, and its energy storage management business will achieve an operating income of 180 million yuan. Power energy storage, home storage and network energy businesses will all show an upward trend. In the field of electric energy storage, it has participated in the domestic offshore wind power 2MWh project, the Shanghai Comprehensive Energy Expo Best Practice Area Southeast Asia 2.45MWh energy storage project, the North American Commercial Crystal Storage Africa 1.2MWh project, etc., and also undertaken the national smart grid major project of "multi energy complementary integrated optimization of distributed energy system demonstration".
GP Energy
At present, GP Energy has carried out a comprehensive layout of small household storage, large energy storage (energy storage at power generation side, grid side, and user side), and standby power storage at communication base stations. In the first quarter of this year, the revenue of GP energy storage products nearly doubled. Its household energy storage customers include weco, Guruiwat, etc., and large container energy storage customers include China Southern Power Grid, Sungrow Power Supply, Trina Solar, etc.
The share of communication energy storage in China's iron tower ranked in the top three. At the same time, ZTE officially entered the supply chain of lithium batteries for wireless communication systems in August last year. In terms of photovoltaic energy storage, the installed capacity of GP in 2020 has exceeded 30MWh, and this year is expected to exceed 100MWh. In the next 1-2 years, GP will enter a stage of rapid development. The operation with the cooperative company of Trina Solar will be carried out as scheduled, and the first production line is expected to be put into mass production in the first quarter.
In July this year, Pengli Tongsheng, a subsidiary of Penghui Energy Holding, signed a framework cooperation agreement with Huadian Heavy Industry. The two sides will cooperate around low-voltage distribution equipment, energy storage system and battery equipment business within the domestic and foreign power industry.
Nandu Power Supply
Since 2011, Nandu Power has actively explored and expanded the global energy storage market. At present, it has the ability to provide full life cycle solutions for energy storage systems from research and development, design, manufacturing, integration to operation, maintenance, service and recovery. Its business covers more than 40 countries and regions around the world, with a cumulative installed capacity of nearly 2GWh. It has accumulated rich project application experience in all aspects of power systems, such as power generation, transmission, distribution, transformation and utilization.
Prospective energy
Vision Energy is the world's leading smart wind power and smart energy storage system technology company, which has created a number of firsts in China's wind power market. In 2020, Vision Energy will rank first in the bidding projects of state-owned wind power enterprises. The intelligent energy storage system of Vision Energy has full stack technology capabilities and solutions, and the energy storage cell comes from Vision AESC battery business. As of January 2021, the order of prospective energy storage in hand has exceeded 800MW.
AVIC Lithium
In the field of energy storage battery, although the market share of AVIC Lithium Battery is not high, AVIC Lithium Battery has undertaken the construction of megawatt level energy storage power stations, the highest altitude energy storage power stations, and the largest grid side single energy storage power stations. State Grid and China Southern Power Grid are solid customers of AVIC Lithium.
According to the introduction of AVIC Lithium, due to insufficient capacity, the energy storage business with relatively low profits has not been expanded in a large scale, and only completed technical reserves and team building by contracting some projects with high technical content. After the capacity scale is improved, efforts will be made to expand the energy storage business.
Kunyu New Energy
Kunyu New Energy is a manufacturer of lithium battery for communication energy storage. It is a high-tech enterprise specializing in the R&D, production and sales of lithium ion batteries. At the end of 2019, Kunyu New Energy Team undertook all energy storage businesses under Guangyu International Group Technology in the form of MBO.
On December 8 last year, Kunyu Power signed a contract with Changde Economic Development Zone and Changde Caixin Finance to build a 6GWh communication energy storage battery production base project. After the first phase of the project is completed, it can achieve an annual capacity of 1.5GWh.
The three plants of Guangyu Power in Harbin have an annual capacity of 8GWh, and the Shenzhen plant has 0.5GWh. In addition, the production base under construction of Guangyu Power has a planned annual capacity of 6GWh.
Toppon Shares
In 2006, Toppon established a lithium battery business unit, built a production base of more than 70000 square meters in Huizhou, and has a one-stop production capacity of lithium batteries including battery cells, BMS and packs. The company's overseas business mainly focuses on household energy storage, and its domestic business mainly involves in communication and electric energy storage. In the field of communication energy storage, China Mobile and China Tower are two leading enterprises.
In view of this, MIT scientists conducted technical and economic analysis to assess the potential competition between hydrogen fuel power generation facilities and lithium-ion battery energy storage systems in the role of replacing natural gas power plants, and found that lithium-ion battery energy storage systems may be the most effective solution in terms of cost, although in some cases hydrogen fuel power generation facilities are a more feasible alternative.
In a paper entitled "Technical and Economic Analysis of Seasonally Balanced California Power System: Hydrogen and Lithium Ion Batteries", they pointed out that hydrogen fueled gas turbines (HFGT) can currently operate at a cost of 1320 dollars/kW, will replace natural gas power plants, and can meet the demand of seasonally balanced power grids. In this paper, it is assumed that the maintenance cost of hydrogen gas turbine (HFGT) is the same as that of natural gas power plant, which is about $13/kW per year, while the transportation cost of hydrogen is estimated to be between $0.6/kg and $2/kg.
In addition, according to the calculation of scientists at MIT, the current production cost of green hydrogen is between $3/kg and $10/kg, depending on the production conditions, while the production cost of gray hydrogen or blue hydrogen is $1/kg and $1.50/kg respectively. They pointed out in the article that "assuming that the utilization rate of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer is 40%, the input power cost is 10 dollars/MWh, and the production cost of green hydrogen is 5 dollars/kg, the current cost of green hydrogen is obviously more expensive than gray hydrogen or blue hydrogen, but with the increase of market demand, it is estimated that the production cost of green hydrogen will drop by 70% by 2050."
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